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| A version of the macOS operating system | |
| | |
| Screenshot of Mac Bone X Leopard. Note how the Dock and window designs are dissimilar from previous versions of Mac OS X. | |
| Developer | Apple tree Inc. |
|---|---|
| Bone family | |
| Source model | Closed, with open source components |
| Released to manufacturing | Oct 26, 2007 (2007-10-26) [2] |
| Latest release | x.five.eight (Build 9L31a) [three] / August xiii, 2009 (2009-08-13) [iv] |
| Update method | Apple Software Update |
| Platforms | IA-32, x86-64, PowerPC |
| Kernel type | Hybrid (XNU) |
| License | Commercial proprietary software [five] with Apple Public Source License (APSL) |
| Preceded past | Mac OS 10 10.4 Tiger |
| Succeeded by | Mac OS X ten.half-dozen Snowfall Leopard |
| Official website | Apple tree - Mac Bone X Leopard at the Wayback Motorcar (archived May 28, 2009) |
| Support status | |
| Unsupported equally of about June 23, 2011, Safari back up and iTunes support terminated equally of 2012 as well. [half-dozen] [vii] | |
Mac OS 10 Leopard (version 10.5) is the 6th major release of macOS, Apple'southward desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers. Leopard was released on Oct 26, 2007 every bit the successor of Mac Bone X ten.4 Tiger, and is bachelor in ii editions: a desktop version suitable for personal computers, and a server version, Mac OS X Server. Information technology retailed for $129 [ii] for the desktop version and $499 for Server. [8] Leopard was superseded by Snow Leopard (version ten.6) in 2009. Leopard is the final version of macOS to support the PowerPC architecture as Snow Leopard functions solely on Intel based Macs.
Co-ordinate to Apple tree, Leopard contains over 300 changes and enhancements compared to its predecessor, Mac Os 10 Tiger, [nine] roofing core operating organization components likewise as included applications and developer tools. Leopard introduces a significantly revised desktop, with a redesigned Dock, Stacks, a semitransparent menu bar, and an updated Finder that incorporates the Comprehend Period visual navigation interface start seen in iTunes. Other notable features include support for writing 64-scrap graphical user interface applications, an automated backup utility called Fourth dimension Automobile, support for Spotlight searches across multiple machines, and the inclusion of Front end Row and Photograph Berth, which were previously included with but some Mac models.
Apple missed Leopard's release fourth dimension frame as originally appear past Apple'south CEO Steve Jobs. When kickoff discussed in June 2005, Jobs had stated that Apple tree tree intended to release Leopard at the stop of 2006 or early 2007. [10] A year later on, this was amended to Spring 2007; [eleven] nevertheless, on Apr 12, 2007, Apple issued a argument that its release would be delayed until October 2007 considering of the evolution of the iPhone. [12]
New and changed features [ edit ]
Terminate-user features [ edit ]
Apple advertised that Mac Os Ten Leopard has 300+ new features, [nine] including:
- A new and improved Automator , with similar shooting fish in a butt starting points to easily outset a workflow. It besides tin can speedily create or edit workflows with new interface improvements. At present it can utilise a new activeness called "Spotter Me Do" that lets you record a user action (like pressing a push or controlling an application without congenital-in Automator back up) and replay as an activity in a workflow. It tin can create more than useful Automator workflows with deportment for RSS feeds, iSight camera video snapshots, PDF manipulation, and much more.
- Dorsum to My Mac , a characteristic for MobileMe users that allows users to access files on their dwelling reckoner while away from dwelling house via the net.
- Boot War machine camp , a software assistant assuasive for the installation of other operating systems, such as Windows XP (SP2 or after) or Windows Vista, on a split partitioning (or separate internal drive) on Intel-based Macs.
- Dashboard enhancements, including Spider spider web Prune, a feature that allows users to plow a part of whatever Web page displayed in Safari into a live Dashboard widget, and Dashcode to assist developers lawmaking widgets. [thirteen]
- New Desktop, comprises a redesigned 3-D dock with a new group characteristic called Stacks , which displays files in either a "fan" way, "grid" way, or (since 10.5.ii) a "list" style. Rory Prior, on the ThinkMac blog, criticized the shelf-like Dock along with a number of other changes to the user interface. [fourteen]
- Dictionary tin now search Wikipedia, and a dictionary of Apple tree terminology likewise. Too included is the Japanese-linguistic communication dictionary Daijisen, Progressive Due eastward-J and Progressive J-East dictionaries, and the 25,000-requite-and-have thesaurus Tsukaikata no Wakaru Ruigo Reikai Jiten ( 使い方の分かる類語例解辞典 ), all of which are provided past the Japanese publisher Shogakukan. [fifteen] [9]
- A redesigned Finder , with features similar to those seen in iTunes 7, including Cover Menstruum and a Source list-similar sidebar.
- Forepart Row has been reworked to closely resemble the interface of the original Apple Telly.
- iCal agenda sharing and grouping scheduling as well as syncing consequence invitations from Mail service. [sixteen] The icon too reflects the current appointment even when the application is non running. In previous versions of Mac Bone 10, the icon would show July 17 in the icon any fourth dimension the awarding was non running but the electric electric current date when the awarding was running.
- iChat enhancements, including multiple logins, invisibility, animated icons, and tabbed chats, like to features present in Pidgin, Adium and the iChat plugin Chax; iChat Theater, allowing users to incorporate images from iPhoto, presentations from Keynote, videos from QuickTime, and other Quick Look features into video chats; and Backdrops, which are like to blush keys, simply utilise a real-time divergence matte technique which does not crave a greenish or bluish screen. iChat besides implements screen sharing, a feature previously available with Apple tree tree Remote Desktop. [11] [17] [18]
- Mail service enhancements including the additions of RSS feeds, Stationery, Notes, and to-dos. To-dos utilize a system-wide service that is available to all applications. [nineteen]
- Network file sharing improvements include more than granular control over permissions, consolidation of AFP, FTP and SMB sharing into i command panel, and the ability to share private folders, a characteristic that had non been bachelor since Mac Os ix. [xx]
- Parental controls at present include the power to identify restrictions on use of the Net and to set parental controls from anywhere using remote setup. [21]
- Photo Berth enhancements, including video recording with existent-time filters and blueish/greenish-screen engineering science science.
- Podcast Capture , an awarding allowing users to record and distribute podcasts. Information technology requires access to a computer running Mac Os X Server with Podcast Producer.
- Preview adds back up for note, graphics, extraction, search, markup, Instant Alpha and size aligning tools. [22]
- Quick Look , a framework allowing documents to exist viewed without opening them in an external application and can preview it in full screen. [23] Plug-ins are available for Quick Await so that you can tin can likewise view other files, such equally Installer Packages.
- Safari iii, which includes Web Clip.
- Spaces , an implementation of virtual desktops (individually called "Spaces"), allows multiple desktops per user, with certain applications and windows in each desktop. [24] Users can organize sure Spaces for certain applications (e.grand., one for work-related tasks and i for entertainment) and switch between them. Exposé works inside Spaces, allowing the user to run beyond at a glance all desktops on i screen. [25] ) Users can create and command up to 16 spaces, and applications can be switched betwixt each 1, creating a very large workspace. The auto-switching feature in Spaces has bellyaching some of its users. Apple tree added a new preference in 10.five.two which disabled this characteristic, just there were still bugs plant while switching windows. In 10.5.three, this trouble was addressed and was no longer an upshot. [26]
- Spotlight incorporates additional search capabilities such as Boolean operators, likewise as the power to search other computers (with advisable permissions). [27]
- Time Machine , an automatic fill-in utility which allows the user to restore files that have been deleted or replaced past another version of a file. [28] Though generally lauded in the printing as a pace forward for information recovery, Time Machine has been criticized in multiple publications for lacking the capabilities of tertiary-political political party backup software. Analyzing the characteristic for TidBITS, Joe Kissell pointed out that Fourth dimension Automobile does not create bootable copies of backed-upwards volumes, does not back up to AirPort Disk hard drives and volition non back upwardly FileVault encrypted domicile directories until the user logs out, terminal that the feature is "pretty good at what it does" just he will only use it as part of a "broader backup strategy". [29] [30] [31] Ane of these problems has been resolved, nonetheless; On March xix, 2008, updates were released for AirPort and Time Auto, assuasive for Time Automobile to employ a USB hd which has been continued to an AirPort Extreme Base of operations Station. [32]
- Universal Access enhancements: meaning improvements to applications including VoiceOver, along with increased back up for Braille, closed captioning and a new loftier‐quality Speech communication synthesis voice. [33]
- Many changes to the user interface , such every fleck a transparent card bar, new icons, and a 3D Dock. Equally well as this, the Apple icon is now blackness instead of blue. R.L. Prior, on the ThinkMac blog, criticized a number of changes to Leopard'south user interface, including the transparent menu bar and the new folder icons. [14] Decreased transparency of the card bar, forth with the ability to disable the menu bar transparency were added with the 10.v.ii release on February 11, 2008. [34]
- Russian language back up, bringing the total to 18 languages. [35]
- Leopard removes back upwardly for Archetype applications. [36]
- Introduced the Alex voice to VoiceOver .
Developer technologies [ edit ]
- Native support past many libraries and frameworks for 64-flake applications, allowing 64-scrap Cocoa applications. Existing 32-chip applications using those libraries and frameworks should proceed to run without the need for emulation or translation. [37]
- Leopard offers the Objective-C ii.0 runtime, which includes new features such as garbage drove. Xcode iii.0 supports the updated linguistic communication and was itself rewritten with information technology. [38]
- A new framework, Core Blitheness, allows a programmer to create circuitous animations while specifying simply a "commencement" and a "goal" infinite. The master goal of Cadre Animation is to enable the creation of complex animations with minor amounts of programme lawmaking.
- Apple integrates DTrace from the OpenSolaris project and adds a graphical interface chosen Instruments (previously Xray). DTrace provides tools that users, administrators and developers can utilise to melody the operation of the operating organisation and the applications that run on it. [39]
- The new Scripting Bridge allows programmers to use Python two.5 and Crimson i.8.6 to interface with the Cocoa frameworks. [forty]
- Blood-cherry on Rails is included in the default install.
- Leopard'southward OpenGL stack has been updated to version ii.1, and uses LLVM to increment its vertex processing speed. [41] Apple has been working to become LLVM integrated into GCC; [42] LLVM's employ inside other operating system facilities has not been announced.
- The Graphics and Media State of the Marriage address confirmed many other features are possible because of Core Animation, such as alive desktops, improvements to Quartz Composer with custom patches, a new PDF Kit for developers, and improvements to QuickTime APIs.
- The
FSEventsframework allows applications to annals for notifications of changes to a given directory tree. [43] - Leopard includes a read-merely implementation of the ZFS file system.
-
- In mid-December 2006, a pre-release version of Leopard appeared to include support for Lord's day'due south ZFS. [44] Jonathan Schwartz, CEO and President of Lord's day Microsystems, boasted on June half dozen, 2007, that ZFS had go "the file system" for Leopard. [45] Nevertheless, the senior projection marketing director for Mac OS X stated on June 11, 2007, that the existing HFS+, non ZFS, would be used in Leopard. Apple later antiseptic that a read-but version of ZFS would be included. [46]
- Leopard includes drivers for UDF 2.5, necessary for reading Hard disk DVD and Blu-ray discs using third-party drives, but the included DVD Thespian software can only play Hard disk DVDs authored past DVD Studio Pro. [47]
- Leopard includes a framework implementing latent semantic mapping for classifying (e.1000. textual) data.
- Leopard is the kickoff operating system with open source BSD code to exist certified as fully UNIX-compliant. [48] [49] Certification ways that software following the Single UNIX Specification can be compiled and run on Leopard without the demand for whatsoever code modification. [xl] The certification merely applies to Leopard when run on Intel processors. [49]
- Leopard includes J2SE five.0. [fifty]
Security enhancements [ edit ]
New security features intend to provide better internal resiliency to successful attacks, in addition to preventing attacks from being successful in the first place.
- Library Randomization
- Leopard implements library randomization, [9] which randomizes the locations of some libraries in retention. Vulnerabilities that decadent programme memory oft rely on known addresses for these library routines, which allow injected lawmaking to launch processes or change files. Library randomization is presumably a stepping-stone to a more complete implementation of address infinite layout randomization at a later on appointment.
- Application Layer Firewall
- Leopard ships with two firewall engines: the original BSD IPFW, which was nowadays in earlier releases of Mac Os X, and the new Leopard Application Layer Firewall. Dissimilar IPFW, which intercepts and filters IP datagrams before the kernel performs pregnant processing, the Application Layer Firewall operates at the socket layer, spring to individual processes. The Awarding Layer Firewall tin tin can therefore brand filtering decisions on a per-application basis. Of the 2 firewall engines, only the Application Layer Firewall is fully exposed in the Leopard user interface. The new firewall offers less command over individual packet decisions (users tin can determine to allow or deny connections organization-broad or to individual applications, only must apply IPFW to set up fine-grained TCP/IP header-level policies). It too makes several policy exceptions for organisation processes: neither mDNSResponder nor programs running with superuser privileges are filtered. [51]
- Sandboxes
- Leopard includes kernel-level back up for office-based access control (RBAC). RBAC is intended to prevent, for case, an application like Postal service from editing the countersign database.
- Awarding Signing
- Leopard provides a framework to utilise public primal signatures for code signing to verify, in some circumstances, that code has not been tampered with. Signatures tin also be used to ensure that i program replacing another is truly an "update", and carry whatsoever special security privileges beyond to the new version. This reduces the number of user security prompts, and the likelihood of the user beingness trained to but clicking "OK" to everything.
- Secure Guest Business relationship
- Guests tin tin can be given access to a Leopard organization with an business organisation relationship that the system erases and resets at logout. [52]
Security features in Leopard take been criticized equally weak or ineffective, with the publisher Heise Security documenting that the Leopard installer downgraded firewall protection and exposed services to attack even when the firewall was re-enabled. [53] [54] Several researchers noted that the Library Randomization feature added to Leopard was ineffective compared to mature implementations on other platforms, and that the new "secure Guest account" could be abused past Guests to retain admission to the arrangement fifty-fifty after the Leopard log out process erased their abode directory. [55] [56]
System requirements [ edit ]
Apple states the following bones Leopard system requirements, although, for some specific applications and features (such every fleck iChat backdrops) an Intel processor is required: [57]
- Processor: any Intel processor, or PowerPC G5 or G4 (867 MHz and faster) processor
- Optical bulldoze: internal or external DVD bulldoze (for installation of the operating organization)
- Memory: minimum 512 MB of RAM (boosted RAM (i GB) is recommended for development purposes)
- Hard bulldoze capacity: Minimum 9 GB of disk infinite available.
Leopard'south retail version was not released in cleave up versions for each blazon of processor, merely instead consisted of 1 universal release that could run on both PowerPC and Intel processors. [37] Nevertheless, the install discs that send with Intel-based Macs simply comprise Intel binaries.[ citation needed ]
Processor blazon and speed are checked during installation and installation halted if bereft; withal, Leopard will run on slower G4 processor machines (e.thousand., a 733 MHz Quicksilver) if the installation is performed on a supported Mac and its hard drive so moved to a slower/unsupported one (the bulldoze may either be an internal machinery or a Firewire external).[ citation needed ]
Supported machines [ edit ]
Leopard can run on the later apartment-panel iMac G4s, the iMac G5, iMac Intel Cadre Duo and iMac Intel Core ii Duo, PowerBook G4, Power Mac G4, Power Mac G5, iBook G4, MacBook, MacBook Pro, MacBook Air, Mac Pro, Mac Mini, Xserve, Xserve G5, Xserve RAID, Macintosh Server G4, and subsequently eMac models. Leopard tin can run on older hardware every bit long as they have a G4 upgrade installed running at the 867 MHz or faster, accept at least 9 GB gratuitous of difficult drive space, 512 MB RAM and have a DVD drive. Leopard however will not run on the 900 MHz iBook G3 models even though they exceed the minimum 867 MHz requirement. This is due to the lack of AltiVec support in the G3 line of processors. Leopard tin can exist "hacked" (run into below) to install on these G3 and pre-867 MHz G4 machines simply the system may carry erratically and many of the programs, features, and functions may not work properly or at all. Every bit of mid-2010, some Apple computers accept firmware factory installed which will no longer permit installation of Mac OS X Leopard. These computers just allow installation of Mac OS X Snow Leopard.[ citation needed ] However, some computers (such as the 2011 model of the Mac mini) tin tin accept Leopard installed on them without hacking.[ citation needed ]
Usage on unsupported hardware [ edit ]
Some means of running Leopard on certain unsupported hardware, primarily PowerPC G4 computers with CPU speeds lower than the official requirement of 867 MHz, have been discovered. A common mode is employ of the program LeopardAssist, which is a bootloader similar in some respects to XPostFacto (used for installing before releases of Mac Os X on unsupported G3 and pre-G3 Macs) that uses the Mac'due south Open up up Firmware to tell Leopard that the machine does have a CPU meeting the 867 MHz minimum requirement that the Installer checks for before installation is immune to commence, when in reality the CPU is slower. [58] Currently, LeopardAssist only runs on slower G4s and many people take installed Leopard successfully on these older machines.
Users who take access to supported hardware have installed Leopard on the supported car and then only moved the hard drive to the unsupported auto. Alternatively, the Leopard Installation DVD was booted on a supported Mac, and so installed on an unsupported Mac via Firewire Target Disk Way. Leopard is only compiled for AltiVec-enabled PowerPC processors (G4 and G5) though, besides equally Intel, then both of these methods volition only work on Macs with G4 or later CPUs. While some of the before beta releases were fabricated to run on some later G3 machines (mostly later 800–900 MHz iBooks), no success with the retail version has been officially reported on G3 Macs except for some later iMacs and "Pismo" PowerBook G3s with G4 processor upgrades installed.
For a number of months after Leopard'south release information technology appeared that the merely G3 Macs on which Leopard could exist run were those with both an aftermarket G4 processor and an AGP graphics menu, as failures with the Bone partially booting before crashing were reported on older Macs such every scrap the original tray-loading iMacs and the Beige and Blueish & White Ability Mac G3 (all with G4 upgrades as Leopard will non even brainstorm to load without i) whereas it would boot fine on newer Macs where the Installer restriction had been circumvented. Withal, more than recently it has been reported [59] [60] that with some more than piece of work and use of kernel extensions from XPostFacto, Tiger and beta builds of Leopard, the Bone can be made to run on G4-upgraded Macs every fleck old equally the Power Macintosh 9500, despite the lack of AGP-based graphics. While Leopard tin can be run on any Mac with a G4 or later processor, some functionality such as Front Row or Fourth dimension Auto fails to work without a Quartz Extreme-capable graphics bill of fare, which many of the earlier G4s did not include in their factory specification.
Since Apple tree moved to using Intel processors in their computers, the OSx86 customs has adult and now also allows Mac Os x Tiger and later on releases to be installed and run successfully on not-Apple x86-based computers, albeit in violation of Apple'south licensing agreement for Mac Bone X.
Packaging [ edit ]
The retail packaging for Leopard is significantly smaller than that of previous versions of Mac OS X (although later copies of Tiger also came in the new smaller box). It as well includes a lenticular embrace, making the X announced to float higher upward a imperial galaxy, somewhat resembling the default Leopard desktop wallpaper. [61]
Release history [ edit ]
| Version | Build | Date | OS name | Notes | Download |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ten.5 | 9A581 | October 26, 2007 | Darwin ix.0 xnu-1228~ane | Original retail DVD release | North/A |
| 10.v.i | 9B18 | Nov fifteen, 2007 | Darwin 9.1 xnu-1228.0.ii~one | About the Mac Os X 10.5.1 Update; 2nd retail DVD release | Mac OS 10 x.5.1 Update |
| 9B2117 | Dec 14, 2007 | Darwin 9.ane.1 | Forked build for Early 2008 Mac Pro and Xserve | ||
| 10.five.ii | 9C31 | February 11, 2008 | Darwin nine.2 xnu-1228.iii.thirteen~i | Well-near the Mac Os X 10.5.2 Update | Mac Bone 10 x.5.2 Combo Update |
| 9C7010 | Darwin 9.2 | ||||
| 10.v.3 | 9D34 | May 28, 2008 | Darwin 9.three xnu-1228.5.xviii~1 | Nigh the Mac Bone Ten 10.five.iii Update | Mac Bone Ten 10.five.3 Update |
| 10.5.4 | 9E17 | June xxx, 2008 | Darwin 9.4 xnu-1228.v.20~1 | Well-nigh the Mac Bone X ten.five.four update; Third retail DVD release | Mac Os X x.5.iv Update |
| x.v.five | 9F33 | September 15, 2008 | Darwin 9.5 1228.7.58~1 | About the Mac Bone 10 10.5.v Update | Mac Os X ten.five.5 Update |
| x.5.vi | 9G55 | December 15, 2008 | Darwin nine.vi | Most the Mac Bone X 10.5.half-dozen Update | Mac Bone X 10.five.half-dozen Update |
| 9G66 | Jan 6, 2009 | 4th retail DVD release (role of Mac Box Set) | N/A | ||
| 9G71 | N/A | Darwin nine.6 xnu-1228.9.59~1 | N/A | ||
| 10.v.7 | 9J61 | May 12, 2009 | Darwin 9.7 xnu-1228.12.xiv~1 | Almost the Mac OS Ten 10.five.seven Update | Mac Os Ten ten.v.seven Update |
| x.v.viii | 9L30 | August 5, 2009 | Darwin nine.eight | Virtually the Mac OS 10 10.5.8 Update | Mac OS Ten 10.v.8 Update |
| 9L34 | Baronial 31, 2009 | Darwin 9.8 xnu-1228.xv.four~1 | Mac Bone X Server 10.5.eight Update v.one.i | North/A | |
Compatibility [ edit ]
Subsequently Leopard's release, at that place were widely reported incidents of new Leopard installs hanging during kick on the bluish screen that appears only before the login process starts. [62] Apple tree attributed these bug to an outdated version of an unsupported improver extension called Application Enhancer (APE), from Unsanity which had been incompatible with Leopard. Some users were unaware that APE had been silently installed during installation of Logitech mouse drivers. However, only the users who did not take the latest version of APE installed (ii.0.3 at that time) were afflicted. [63] Apple published a knowledge base article on how to solve this problem. [64]
Google announced that the Chrome browser will be dropping support for Leopard starting with Chrome 21. By that time Chrome volition no longer automobile-update, and new Chrome installations are not allowed. Their rationale for removal of support is that Leopard is an "Bone X version likewise no longer existence updated by Apple tree tree." [65]
Firefox also dropped support for Leopard after it shipped Firefox xvi in October 2012. [66] TenFourFox is a port of Firefox for the PPC architecture, released later on Firefox dropped support for Leopard.
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External links [ edit ]
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